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VIENNA UNIVERSAL i:XHiBlTION-1878 



GENERAL REGULATIONS 



FOREIGN EXHIBITORS AND COMMISSIONS 



GENERAL THOMAS B. VAX BUREN, U. S. COMMISSIONER. 

OFFICE. NO, r.i CHAMBF.llS ST15KET, NEW YORK. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1872. 



VIENNA UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION-1873 



GENERAL REGULATIONS 



FOR THE 



FOREIGN EXHIBITORS AND COMMISSIONS. 



GENERAL THO^IAS B. VAN BUREN, U. S. COMMISSIONER. 

OFFICE, NO. 51 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1872. 



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VIENNA UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 1873. 



GENERAL THOMAS B. YAN BUREN, 51 Chambers street, New YorJc, 

COMMISSIONER FOR THE UNITED STATES, 

(To whom all applications for information or for space sliould he addressed.) 



GENERAL REGULATIONS 

FOR THE 

FOREIGN EXHIBITORS AND COMMISSIONS. 



L— GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 

1. Under tlie patronage of His Most Gracious Imperial and Royal 
Apostolic Majesty, and under the protectorate of His Imperial Highness 
the Archduke Charles Lewis, the exhibition wiJl take place in the Prater, 
in buildings erected specially for the purpose, and in the surrounding- 
park and "gardens. It Avill be opened on the 1st of May, 1873, and 
closed on the 31st of October, of the same year. 

2. Under the presidency of His Imperial Highness the Archduke 
Regnier, an imperial commission has been formed, for the purpose of 
representation and of discussing all general questions concerning the 
exhibition. 

3. His Majesty has intrusted the direction of the exhibition to the 
Privy Councilor Baron de Schwarz-Senborn, as chief manager. 

4. Foreign governments are invited to appoint commissions with 
whom the chief manager will stand in direct communication upon all 
afiairs concerning the exhibition. These commissioners will have to 
represent the interests of their countrymen in all questions relating to 
the exhibition and do their best duly to carry out its programme. Their 
task will be more particularly to issue invitations to take part in the 
exhibition, to receive applications for space, to decide on the admission 
of objects announced, and to take charge of the forwarding, exhibiting, 
and returning of the objects of the exhibition in accordance with the 
regulations laid down. 

5. xVll communications from foreign commissions concerning the ex- 
hibition should be addressed : An den k. k. General-Director der Welt- 
ausstellung, 1873, in Wien. (Translation : To the Chief Manager of the 
Universal Exhibition, 1873, in Vienna, Austria.) 

6. A plan of the projected exhibition buildings and adjoining parks, 
showing the space allotted to each country, will be placed at the dis- 
l)Osal of the commissions before the 15th of February, 1872. 

The commissions are invited to inform the chief manager before the 
1st of May, 1872, whether their countrymen will require a larger or 
smaller space in the buildings, and, also, whether they wish to have a 
part of the park adjoining their portion of the building. 

7. The definitive division of space in the exhibition buildings, park, 



/ ' 



and gardens, resolved upon by the chief manager, will be made known 
to the commissions by the 1st of July, 1872. 

A plan showing the subdivision of the exhibition (groups) must be 
sent by the foreign commissions to the chief manager at the latest by 
the 1st of October, 1873. 

Lists of the exhibitors, as well as detailed plans, showing the space 
allotted and each single object to be exhibited, must be sent in by the 
foreign commissions before the 1st of January, 1873, at the latest, so 
that the exigencies of the respective countries may be taken into ac- 
count in organizing the interior arrangement of the exhibition buildings. 

8. The exhibitors will not have to pay the expenses of a boarded floor 
or of a closed ceiling, or contribute to the laying out of the adjoining 
gardens. 

All these expenses will be paid out of the exhibition fund ; but in re- 
turn a total sum will be paid by each foreign nation for the whole cubic 
space allotted to it in the industrial palace and the machinery hall, with 
a given fixed ground-floor, and calculated by the square meter, accord- 
ing to the following tariff: 

Austrian 
currency. 

a. In the industrial palace, (florins) . 10 

h. In the machinery hall, (florins) 4 

In the other parts of the exhibition and adjoining grounds the charges 
for hired space Avill be calculated by square meter, according to the fol- 
lowing tariff : 

Austrian 
currency. 

a. In the court-yards of the industrial palace, (florins) 4 

1). In the park : 

In the open air, (florin) 1 

In the spaces to be covered at the expense of the exhibitor, 

(florins) 3 

Exhibitors of objects of fine art, and of those for the '•''Exposition cles 
Amateiirs,^^ have no charge whatever to pay for space. 

9. The chief manager will enter into communication with the railway 
and steamboat comi)anies of Austria and Hungary, in order to procure 
reductions of rates for the conveyance of objects for the exhibition. 

The foreign commissions are also invited to enter into communication 
with the railway and steamboat companies of their countries for the 
same purpose, and to communicate by the 1st of May, 1872, to the chief 
manager, the reductions which they have obtained. 

The chief manager will then publish all the dates concerning these 
reductions by the 1st of Julj', 1872. 

10. The exhibition grounds will be considered as a bonded warehouse, 
and objects which are monopolies in Austria may also be exhibited 
without any hiuderance. 

11. Objects exhibited can only be removed before the closing of the 
exhibition by special permission of the chief manager. 

12. Immediately after the close of the exhibition, the exhibitors must 
attend to the packing and removal of their goods and fittings. 

These oi)erations must be finished by the 31st of December, 1873. 

The goods, packages, and erections which may not have been removed 
by the exhibitors or their representatives after this term has expired 
will be deposited, if they are of suflicient value, in warehouses, at the 
cost and risk of the exhibitors. 

The objects which may not have been removed out of these ware- 



5 

houses by tlie 30tli of June, 1874, will be sold publicly ; the net pro- 
ceeds of the sale will be employed in augmenting the collections of an 
institute for promoting the instruction of small trades people and of 
workmen in Vienna. 

13. The objects exhibited will be submitted to the judgment of an in- 
ternational jury, for which special regulations will be published. 

11. An official general catalogue will be published, the arrangement 
of which will be made known later on. 

In order that this catalogue may be published in time, the foreign 
commissions are requested to send the necessary dates, at the latest, on 
the 1st of January, 1873. 

15. A special locality will be provided in the exhibition grounds 
where exhibitors can sell publications relating to the exhibition and to 
the objects which they exhibit, (such as illustrated catalogues, current 
prices, &c.) 

16. Popular lectures and industrial, technical, or scientific demon- 
strations will be arranged in a special lecture-hall built for that purpose. 
IsTevertheless, the chief manager must be informed of the lectures. 

17. Special regulations and programmes will be published for the works 
of fine art, for the exhibition of machinery, for additional and tempo- 
rary exhibitions for single groups and special dispositions, as tasting- 
pavilions, cellars, «&c. 

18. Each exhibitor is engaged to acknowledge and keep the regula- 
tions. 

XL— ADMISSION AND CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS. 

19. Concerning the admission of goods to be exhibited, the following 
are the limitations fixed : Explosive and detonating substances, and sub- 
stances which may be considered inflammable, are entirely" excluded. 

Spirits or alcohols, oils, corrosive salts, highly inflammable and other 
matters, which might spoil other objects exhibited or annoy the public, 
will only be admitted in strong, moderate-sized barrels, adapted for this 
purpose. Also, the exhibitors of such objects will always be bound to 
conform themselves to any particular regulation the chief manager may 
think proper to make. 

Percussion-caps, materials for fire- works, lucifer matches, and other 
similar objects may only be exhibited in imitation, without the addition 
of inflammable sulDStances. 

20. Moreover the chief manager reserves to himself the right to remove 
all goods from the exhibition buildings which may seem injurious, by 
their (juantity or nature, or w^hich may ai)pear incompatible with the 
purpose and regulations of the exhibition. 

21. The consignment of each single exhibitor must be accompanied by 
a certificate of admission issued by the commission of his country. 

The detailed directions concerning the contents and form of this cer- 
tificate will be communicated to the commissions by the chief manager. 

III.— FOEWAEDING, EECEIYING, AND EFFECTING OBJECTS. 

22. The exhibitor, or the commissions, have to defray all the expenses 
for the transport of objects to be exhibited, for the reception and open- 
ing of packages, for unpacking the objects, for removing and storing 
the empty cases, for making tables, counters, steps, boxes, for setting- 
up the goods (products) in the exhibition buildings or in the park, for 
returning the goods, (products,) &c. 

23. The objects to be exhibited will be admitted from the 1st of Feb- 
ruary until the 15th of April, 1873, inclusive. 

This period may be changed by the chief manager, at a special re- 



quest, in consideration of particular circumstances, as, for instance: For 
objects which would be damaged by remaining too long j^acked up or 
for objects of great value ; but in each case everything must be pre- 
pared in advance for the exhibition of objects. 

24:. Special regulations will fix the time when the materials must be 
brought into the exhibition grounds for constructions which form ob- 
jects of the exhibition, or disconnected apparatus or engines, heavy or 
very large objects, as well as those requiring special foundations. 

25. All preparations for the exhibition of objects may be made inx:)ro- 
portion to the completion of the buildings ; but they must all be finished, 
at the latest, by the 15th of February, 1873. 

26. The commissions are invited to take care that the products of their 
country be sent to Vienna in as few single consignments as possible. 

27. All goods intended for the exhibition are to be marked W. A., 
1873, Vienna, and addressed to the chief manager. 

The address must be securely fastened on the packages, and contain, 
besides, the following particulars : 

a. Xame or firm of the exhibitor. 

h. Country and place of residence of the same. 

c. The group to which the objects belong. 

cl. dumber of application. 

e. A specification of the number of pieces of each single consign- 
ment ; if the exhibitor has only sent one package, it will be marked Xo. 
1, but if the same exhibitor has several packages to exhibit, their num- 
bers must be marked on each package by a fraction ; for instance, i, |, 
and so on. The figure 6 means that six pieces have been sent, of whicli 
the one is ^o. 1, the other is Ko. 2, &c. The persons api)ointed to re- 
ceive the objects will thus be enabled to know immediately after the 
arrival of the goods whether a consignment is complete or whetner a 
package is missing, and which number it is. If several small packages 
be packed in one large box, only objects belonging to the same group must 
be put into this box, which must then be marked as mentioned above. 

The cases must bear the same mark inside, on the top and bottom, in 
order to prevent mistakes being made with the shifting of the different 
jiarts of tbe cases. 

/. The place where the objects are to be exhibited, i. e., industrial 
palace, park, or machinery hall. 

The addresses will be of different colors, in order that the goods may 
be recognized the more easily j and the chief manager will communi- 
cate in time to the appointed foreign commissions the color of the address 
of the packages of their country. 

Form of address. 



W. A , 1873, Wien. 

An den Ic. 7c. General- Director der Weltausstellung, 
1873, Wien. 

Ausstellmigsort : 
(z. B. : Industric-Pallast, Park oder Maschineuliallc.) 

Nanion oder Firma des Ausstellers - - . 

Land und Wohnort 

Gi upi)e 

Ordnungszahl der Anmeldung 

Bruchzahl des Collo (J- oder | u. s. f.) 



[Translation.] 

W. A., 1873, Vienna. 
To the chief manager of the Universal ExMhitlon, 1873, Vienna, 

Place of exhibition : 
(For instance : Industrial-Palace, Park or Machinery Hall.) 

Kame or firm of the exhibitor , 

Country and place of residence • 

Group 

dumber of application for admission 

Number of package, (^ or |, and so on) • 

A list of the contents of each single package must be placed inside 
the package, in order that the objects may be put the more easily in 
their right place, and to facilitate the manipulation of the custom-bouse. 

28. The commissions or theexhibitors themselves, or their agents, are 
responsible for the forwarding, receiving, and unpacking the packages, 
and the proper delivery of their contents ; and afterward for the ar- 
rangement, surveyance, and returning the objects exhibited. Only such 
agents will be admitted who have proved to the chief manager that they 
are the autborized agents of the foreign commissions. 

29. If the person who has to receive the goods is not present at the 
exhibition when they arrive, they will be at once stored up at the cost 
and risk of the respective commissions. 

30. The motive power for engines and machinery will be placed gratis 
at the disposal of the exhibitors. 

The necessary force of motion is transmitted by a horizontal revolv- 
ing shaft, the position, diameter, and number of revolutions per minute 
of which will be published in time by the chief manager. 

The exhibitors must furnish all the pulleys for this principal trans- 
mission, as well as the gearing necessary, together with the cross-shafts, 
pulleys, and straps. 

A special regulation will be published for the machinery department. 

31. The chief manager will, if desired, give- the name of contractors 
who have applied to him for the execution of the arrangements of the 
exhibition ; yet the chief manager Avill take upon himself no responsi- 
bility for their performances ; the exhibitors have, nevertheless, the 
right to choose their own contractors and workmen. 

32. Packages or empty cases cannot be deposited upon the space 
necessary for circulation. The packages must be unpacked directly 
after their arrival and the i)acking cases and materials must be removed 
at once. 

33. Between the 15th February and the 25th April, 1873, the objects 
already lying on the exhibition grounds, and unpacked, must be put in 
order and arranged. 

In order to have the objects equally apportioned in the spaces of the 
exhibition, the chief manager reserves to himself the right, on the 25th 
of April, 1873, to dispose of those places which do not contain sufficient 
objects. 

The days from the 26th to the 29th April will be employed in cleaning 
the localities and in inspecting the whole exhibition. 

34. There will be published special regulations for the arrangement 
and erection of those products and objects which will be exhibited in 
the park. 

Eoads of communication and earthworks may only be constructed and 



8 

made according to the plans arranged between the chief manager and 
the foreign commissions. 

IY.__ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERINTENDENCE. 

35. The objects will be exhibited under the name of the manufacturer. 
If the manufacturer agrees to it, they may also be exhibited under the 
Dame of the business man who has them in warehouse. 

36. The exhibitors are invited to add to their name or firm, also, the 
name of those persons who have taken a notable part in the production 
of an object, either as inventors, draughtsmen, or modelers. 

37. The exhibitors are also invited to quote the price in cash and 
place of sale on the objects exhibited. 

38. The chief manager has taken the necessary steps that the objects 
exhibited may, from the time of their arrival on the exhibition grounds 
until taken away, (vide No. 12 of these regulations,) enjoy the benefit 
of the laws existing in Austria for the protection against piracy of inven- 
tions and designs j for instance, of the patent and registration law. 
Detailed regulations will be published. 

Eeproductions (designs, photographs, &c.) of objects exhibited are 
only allowed if the exhibitor and the chief manager consent to it. 

39. It is left to tbe exhibitors to insure the objects exhibited against 
damage by fire at their own exi)ense. 

40. The chief manager will make provision for preserving from 
damage the products exhibited as far as possible j he will also appoint 
persons to take care of the objects. Nevertheless, the chief manager 
will take upon himself no responsibility for damage of any kind what- 
ever. 

41. Each exhibitor will receive a ticket entitling him to free admit- 
tance. 

Any agent, duly appointed by the exhibitor, will also receive a ticket 
entitling him to free admittance. 

An agent representing more than one exhibitor can only obtain one 
ticket. 

The arrangements concerning the distribution and the control of 
tickets will be published later on. 

42. A special regulation will be published for the arrangement of the 
interior service. 

42 Praterstrasse, Vienna, January 27, 1872. 
The President of Uie Imperial Commission : 

ARCHDUKE RI^GNIER. 
The Chief Manager : 

BARON DE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 



SPECIAL PROGRAMME. 

(Group 21.) 

NATIONAL DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 



Among the objects which excited an extraordinary and surprising 
interest among tlie amateurs at the Paris Exhibition of 18G7 were par- 



ticularly those which, to include them all in one denomination, we will 
call ^' products of national domestic industry." 

There were, hrstly, all kinds of pottery, glazed and unglazed, fabrics 
and lace- work, particularly those belonging to national costumes, but 
also carpets, table-cloths, counterpanes, and similar objects for home 
use, and moreover ornaments, and all sorts of utensils. 

These objects did not only offer an ethnographical interest, as peculiar 
and characteristic products of such" and such nationalities, but the vis- 
itors also found very old elements of design in them, some of which 
dated from the most ancient times and which recalled to mind periods 
of art and styles which have long ago disappeared, and which were, 
therefore, very important from the historical point of view. 

They found them to abound in original and very beautiful forms, tech- 
nical methods lost to modern art, numerous ornaments and methods of 
decorating in color, which captivated the eye as much by their correct- 
ness as by their simplicity and originality. If those objects charmed the 
amateur, and were sold rapidly because of those qualities, it must have 
occurred to the friends of modern industrial art that there was in them 
an abundant source of elements of designs, principles, and processes of 
art which must influence modern taste and its products by completing, 
vivifying, and refreshing them. 

In fact, no one can deny that those objects have already furnished 
manj^ designs to modern industrial art, although most people in 18G7 
considered them as rarities of ethnography or costume. In si)ite of their 
importance, which was made manifest by the rapidity with which ama- 
teurs and museums in the year 18G7, at Paris, hastened to collect those 
objects, exhibitions of them have always been one-sided, insufficient, 
and incomplete, and have never been organized from the artistic or 
utilitarian point of view. 

At the Paris Exhibition of 1867, which was one of the richest in that 
respect, the ethnographical point of view predominated, for which rea- 
son most of those objects were mounted on lay-figures. They were also 
scattered among different countries and nations and modern works, so 
that they could not be easily noticed. The collection was also very 
incomplete. 

At the London Exhibition of 1871 they had not been forgotten, but 
in consequence of the nature of this exhibition only pottery and woolen 
fabrics were exhibited, but even in these two branches they were very 
poorly represented, especially the woven articles. 

For these reasons an exhibition of products of national domestic 
industry could only be quite new and interesting in a universal exhibi- 
tion, if it were organized as completely as possible, for a fixed purpose, 
and from the right point of view. 

We will first determine these points of view and then point out the 
groups and places where national domestic industry is generally prac- 
ticed. 

We have called the species of objects which were to be exhibited in 
this group products of national domestic industry ; still this expression 
does not exhaust all that we wish may be seen at this exhibition. It is 
true that most of the objects of this sort are manufactured at home by 
the people for their own use, and for these objects the expression we 
have chosen is a sufficient one ; but there are many other objects which, 
if not produced in manufactories, are made by skilled workmen for the 
same purpose, and these will also find a place in our exhibition so long 
as they are original in shape or manufacture and so long as they are 



10 

hereditary and peculiar to tliose who make them or to those who wear 
them. 

Let us take, for instance, the original ornaments of the women inhab- 
iting the Dutch i)roYiuces, which technically and artistically differ alto- 
gether from the modern fashionable shapes, but which can be bought in 
jewelers' shops at Utrecht and other places, while you must seek the 
similar Swedish ornaments in the villages and houses of those who make 
them. 

After having extended the notion contained in the expression '^na- 
tional domestic industry," we must again restrict it for the purpose of 
our exhibition. 

The intention is not to expose in this exhibition everything, even the 
most common objects, (and there are of course many in the production 
of the people,) but only those which have a more wide-spread iuterest. 
This interest can of course only be artistic interest, be it modern artistic 
interest — that is, the interest which might be taken iu those objects, 
considering the use that may be made of them for modern artistic 
industry — or artistic historical interest. Thus many exceptions will have 
to be made, but a great deal will still remain, and this limitation will 
only increase the charm and attractive power of this exhibition. 

It is true that this i)oint of view of the artistic interest which is to 
govern the choice makes it necessary to have the assistance of connois- 
seurs, who would collect in the respective countries all that is necessary-, 
and decide between all the objects which may be put at their disposal. 

They alone can find out what may be interesting, even among things 
of no great value, and they alone can recognize what is good, beautiful, 
and useful in common things. 

As to the sort of objects which will be exhibited in this group, they 
would be — 

1. Pottery. 

2. Textile fabrics and needle- work. 

3. Metal ornaments. 

4. Carved work and different utensils. 

Austro-Hungary will furnish a very interesting collection of potter- 
ies, if a practical man makes the choice and takes into consideration old 
reminiscences in shape and fiishion. It is sufficient to call to mind the 
red, black, and yellow jugs, and those ornamented in red, as well as the 
vessels, glazed in different manners, of the countries bordering on the 
river Theiss, of the South Danube, of Dalmatia, &c. 

The glazed and unglazed vessels, and those ornamented with gold 
which Turkey produces, and of which there are a good many in the 
Austrian museum of fine arts applied to industry, iu Vienna, are not less 
interesting. Greece, the Greek islands, (let us think of the Ehodian or 
Persian faiences,) Koumania, Asia-Minor, Persia, deserve just as much 
attention. Egypt may send its' small utensils of red and black clay. 
The other i)arts of North Africa, Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco would 
also furnish a very important contingent. There we find the white- 
glazed vessels with blue ornaments, which are often remarkably fine, 
and can be taken as models of their kind. 

There are, besides, vessels of different colors with red marks, and also 
those of line red-brown clay, of old Saracen shape, which are also found 
in Sicily. 

In Portugal and in Spain we find the same sort of red pottery, with 
engraved ornaments of original shape ; and with these the cooling- vessels 
of yellow-white clay, not very durable, but very artistically made. In 



11 

Spain the people used glazed vessels, which Diight be called Spanish 
majolicas. 

Let ns recollect also the most original vessels of the Basque provinces 
and of the Pyrenees. 

Italy has got numberless vessels used by the people, and of very dif- 
ferent kinds. The Austrian museum of fine arts applied to industry, in 
Vienna, has got a very beautiful collection of them, picked up in dif- 
ferent provinces, and full of recollections of the old porcelain fabrication, 
and of the majolicas of the sixteenth century. 

Germany can also send rich contributions to this special exhibition. 
The best proof of it is the German museum of fine arts applied to indus- 
try, in Berlin, which has already begun to make a collection, in which 
able men have separated those things which are really old, remarkable, 
and peculiar to the people from those which are only used daily, at 
home and in the kitchen, without having any technical importance or 
any particnlar shape. 

liussia and the other northern countries will also bring their share, 
as well as the south of France and some Dutch provinces. 

Countries of other parts of tlie world are also interesting. Think, for 
instance, of Brazil, Mexico, Peru. Even the common potteries of the 
savages can be considered from interesting points of view, historically, 
for instance, because they serve to throw light on the origin of the peo- 
ple. 

The exhibition of objects of the second division, woven fabrics and 
embroideries, will not be plentiful and original. Many popular cos- 
tumes could contribute to it. Concerning Austria, let us think only of 
the costumes of the southern Danubian provinces, of Dalmatia, &c., 
with their beautiful embroideries of gold and silver, besides the contin- 
gent which the other countries of Austro-Hungary might furnish. It 
is the same thing with Eoumania, Turkey, Greece, Albania, &c. 

Here we find, besides costumes, carpets from all these countries, as 
well as linen covers, embroidered with very old and peculiar patterns. 

Italy, for instance, can exhibit the striped head cloths of the women 
and many peculiar embroideries. Spain possesses a rich collection. 

Think, for instance, of the colored striped rugs, which the men w^ear 
as mantles to shelter themselves from the influence of the weather. 
Scotland can send its plaids ; of course only those which are still worn 
b}' the several clans, and are peculiar to them. 

Sweden and Norway can furnish a very rich collection. Here are 
lirovinces, like Dalekarlia, where each commune has its own pattern for 
certain parts of the dresses of the women. Other provinces, like 
Schonen and Holland, manufacture linen cloths ornamented in a very 
interesting manner, all made in and for the houses of the peasantry. 
Industry and commerce take no notice of them. Elsewhere are to be 
ibund woolen fabrics, jackets, and stockings, with colored i^atterns, 
which seem to belong to the most ancient times of the history of civil- 
ization. 

There we have covers with raised embroideries, and the woven gal- 
loon-lace of the female costume, with i)atterns of the Middle Ages. In 
fact, Scandinavia alone can furnish a i^lentiful, very interesting, and 
instructive collection. 

A Russian collection cannot be less rich and interesting 5 a work of a 
collection of ornaments, which has just been published in Russia, as 
well as the richness of the ethnographical exhibition, which took jilace 
a few years ago at Moscow, allows us to expect as much. 

The third division, comprising ornaments, is scarcely less important 5 



12 

it presents also great interest even for modern industry. Let us take, 
as an ''example, the goldsmith Oastellani, at Eome, who for many years 
could not succeed in manufacturing filigree as fine as the ancient fili- 
gree till he took workmen from a small village in the mountain, who, 
U13 to that time, had only made ornaments for the people. These Italian 
ornaments, different in each district and original in their forms, will 
furnish the most important contingent to this group. 

It is sufficient as a i^roof of this to refer to the wonderful collection 
of the South Kensington Museum, in London. 

After Italy, Holland will furnish the most interesting selection of 
popular female ornaments in gold and silver, manufactured by skilled 
workmen. They are, nevertheless, remarkable in form, ornamentation, 
and use. 

The northern countries will also have many objects to expose. For 
instance, the Swedish provinces, Norway, with its of ten beautiful filigree- 
work, and the Schleswig Isles, with the same sort of products. The col- 
lection will also be very rich in the Banubian provinces, and in the 
countries of Turkey, and then from Egypt as far up as Soudan, where 
filigree, which has been forgotten by modern arts, is still manufactured 
and employed. In Eussia, and in many other countries of Europe also, 
an examination of the ornaments of popular costumes would not be 
without profit for our purpose. 

In the fourth division, containing different utensils, may be especially 
mentioned — 

Basket-work and straw tresses, (of which European nations would 
not furnish the greater part,) mats and twisted covers, and especially- 
ornamented and peculiarly manufactured furniture, some of which are 
found in the houses of the lower classes in many countries. 

Many of those objects have not been exhibited because they were con- 
sidered of no importance ; but there is no doubt that artists and ama- 
teurs would appieciate them, and profit more by tbem than by the so- 
called peasant's chairs of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 
which are nowadays so sought after by collectors. China, Japan, and 
India would certainly take an important place in this exhibition it na- 
tional peculiarities alone were taken into consideration ; but the artistic 
industry of those countries is not a popular industry in the same sense 
as that which has just been spoken of. It is, on the contrary, very civ- 
ilized, and mostly, particularly in India, for the wealthy classes. 

It is, therefore, of the same kind as our modern industrie tie hixe, 
which, as is well kuown, it surpasses in many respects, as well techni- 
cally as artistically. The industry of those countries from which we 
would particularly wish to have the greatest possible contingent is, 
therefore, only to be dealt with as with that of civilized European coun- 
tries, i. c, quite independently. We cau, therefore, only take from that 
industry, for the exhibition we are now speaking of, those things which 
are intended for the use of the lower classes. 

Vienua, October 1, 1871. 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 

ARCHDUKE Rl^GNIER. 

Tlie Chief Manager : 

BARON DE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 



13 

SPECIAL PROGKAMME. 

(Group 19.) 

THE PRIVATE DWELLING-HOUSE: ITS INNER ARRANGEMENT 

AND DECORATION. 

This group has been destined to help to solve one of the most import- 
ant questions of social science of the day. 

The aim here is not to exhibit a collection of ethnographical objects, 
neither is it to show how most of the private dwelling-houses are built 
and arranged in different countries. 

The object is to show how the private dwelling-house can and ought 
to be built in order best to fulfill its purpose, taking into consideration 
the climate and local circumstances, and mode of life of the different 
peoples, as well as their wants and habits. 

In most nations the private dwelling-house has undergone no im- 
provement. The changes in our social life, the means of communica- 
tion of our age, and, above all, the increased value of land have ren- 
dered almost impossible, even in smaller towns, the existence of the old 
private dwelling-house. The principal characteristics of the dwelling- 
house of former times were the wasting of space and materials and a 
quite arbitrary form and arrangement; still its good qualities make us 
regret its disappearance. 

Under the influence of the elements which govern modern communi- 
cations, we see the plague of houses let in flats to more than one family 
increase ever more and more. The unfortunately unavoidable conse- 
quences of the living of many in a small space, and of the thus loosened 
family life, manifest themselves in the injury of health and morality. 
It is for that reason that we see everywhere endeavors made to restore 
again the old family house, but arranged to suit the requirements of 
modern life. 

The exhibition will enable the architects of all civilized nations to 
exhibit the private dwelling-houses which suit best the climate and 
liabits of their country, and will enable the visitors who give their 
attention to this problem to make instructive comparisons and to 
adopt that which might be suited even to other countries and other 
customs. 

The construction of the house will not alone be taken into considera- 
tion at this exhibition, it will also be completely furnished. 

This furnishing of the house, so as to make it comfortable to live in, 
will be doubly useful. 

The reason why previous international exhibitions did not develop 
the use of inventions, improvements, and arrangements intended for 
the dwelling-house as much as was desirable, is, because these objects 
were exhibited each for itself, according to the materials they were 
made of or the mode of manufacture, but not with a view to their 
l^roper combination and application, whereas our group in 1873 will 
show the rooms, the kitchen, the cellars, &c., with all the requirements 
of private housekeeping and all most approved arrangements as a 
whole and ready for immediate use, and thus present to the visitor an 
arrangement which cannot by any other means be exhibited in so com- 
plete or clear a manner, and which the imagination cannot represent to 
itself. 



14 

Besides, this special exhibition will enable a co-operation of artisans to 
show what they can do. 

Those branches of industry which have do with the decoration of the 
interior of houses could hitherto only furnish rooms, which the greater 
number of visitors considered as not belonging to the exhibition, or, in 
consequence of the crowding together of objects of the same kind, could 
not expect their work to be appreciated by others than by men of the 
same branch. Here, on the contrary, the joiner and the cabinet-inaker, 
the upholsterer, the house-painter, the potter, &c., will all be allowed to 
appear side by side, and enabled, not only to show their technical skill, 
but also, thanks to the working together, to show their taste in a higher 
degree. 

Whoever thinks that the comfort of a house consists, not only in its 
being suitable for its purpose, but also in its being beautiful and gener- 
ally harmonious, will confess that this working together is desirable, as 
well for the public as for the artisan. 

The dwelling-house will show, according to the requirements of the 
management of a i^rivate house in the different countries — 

1. An arrangement of space which, in economizing the ground as much 
as possible, will procure the greatest comfort in the disposition, the 
grouping, and connection of the dwelling, working, house-keeping, and 
sitting rooms. 

2. A solution of the question of architectural decoration and arrange- 
ment, taking equally into account both taste and comfort. 

3. Arrangements for heating, lighting, ventilation, &c., on which the 
comfort of the house, the health of the inhabitants, and economy- in 
their disposition and maintenance are dependent. 

4. The comi)lete arrangement of the kitchen, the larder, the cellar, 
the bathing and washing rooms, laundries, and of other parts of a house 
necessary for comfort and cleanliness. 

5. The capabilities of the skilled trades in the exhibiting countries in 
building, arranging, and furnishing in such a manner that taste and 
moderate cost are equally brought out. Although, as we already said, 
the exigencies and customs of the middle classes are to rule the con- 
struction, the architectural disposition, and the inner arrangement, still, 
a more costl^^ arrangement of a few rooms, such as reception and draw- 
ing rooms, is not by any means, excluded; on the contrary, art applied 
to industry, and fine art itself, will be enabled to appear conspicuously 
in this division. 

42 Praterstrasse, Vienna, October 1, 1871. 
The President of the Imperial Commission : 

ARCHDUKE EIilGXIER. 
The Chief Manager : 

BARON HE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 



16 

SPECIAL PEOGKAMME. 
(Geoxjp 20.) 

THE FARM-HOUSE: ITS ARRANGEMENTS, FURNITURE, AND 

UTEx\SILS. 

Not all the classes of society are equally reached by progress, and the 
assertion so often made that the i)easantry stick to their customs, proves 
that the condition of small cultivators generally remains behind the pro- 
gress of the other classes of society. This is due far less to their infe- 
rior intellectual capacity than to certain external circumstances, such as 
the scattered disposition of their dwellings, a circumstance which has 
thwarted so many attempts to promote i)rogress among the peasantry. 

So powerful an instrument of civilization and of the welfare of nations 
as the exhibition doubtless is must, therefore, be made use of for acting 
on the peasantry and their i^rogress. 

This seems all the more necessary, for, as was x)roved by former in- 
ternational exhibitions, the class of small farmers and agricultural 
laborers, in spite of manifold facilities given to them by cheap means of 
communication, form a comparatively small number among the visitors 
to exhibitions. This is indeed not to be wondered at, since universal 
exhibitions have always contained more objects of attraction for the other 
classes of society than for the i)easantry. 

Large collective exhibitions of products and machinery relating to 
agriculture and forestry very often overpower them more than they 
excite their attention. It was this circumstance which made it neces- 
sary to confer on the exhibition of 1873 a charm especially intended to 
attract the peasantry and to arouse their special interest. 

This may be considered as one of the reasons for introducing into the 
exhibition of 1873, Group 20— 

"The farm-house: its arrangements, furniture, and utensils." 

But there are also objective reasons which may be advanced in sup- 
port of the creation of this group, such as the frequently unsuitable 
construction of farm-houses, their inconvenient distribution, and uncom- 
fortable arrangement. 

Improvement is checked, not always by reason of the expense, but 
rather by reason of thoughtlessness and ignorance of what is better. 
The small farmer and agricultural laborer very often builds his house 
•himself with the help of his neighbors and furnishes it himself; yet in 
many cases he might have obtained, with the same hands and means, a 
far more healthy and convenient dwelling, as well as more manageable 
furniture, if his attention had been directed to it and if he had had 
l)ractical examples before his eyes. 

The Universal Exhibition of 1873 will answer such a purpose and also 
aflbrd the best opportunity of displaying sucli practical examples and 
models. It is scarcely to be doubted that this part of the exhibition 
will call the attention of the peasantry to their own interests. 

These considerations will show that the question is not to exhibit, in 
models or in nature, imaginary farm-houses, furnished with the newest 
inventions of unpractical patentees; far from. this. There will only be 
exhibited that which experience has proved to be useful and which has 
been tested in different countries and found to be really good and con- 
venient. 



16 

To take an example from among a great many, we will mention the 
floor of a farm-house. What a difference there is between the unhealthy 
damp layer of clay which is to be found in some farm-houses, and which 
resembles a hilly country in miniature rather than a floor, and the 
water-tight, dry, and clean surface which in another country is obtained 
with nearly the same materials, but with the addition of some other 
constituents. A similar circumstance is to be noted relating to the 
contrivances for closing the openings. Windows, doors, and locks of 
doors are produced nowadays in factories at prices which may be con- 
sidered very cheap in comparison with those of former times. But 
while the purveyance of the same was formerly limited to a small circle, 
the present state of the means of conveyance allows, in most cases, 
even the inhabitants of villages to prefer what is solid and elegant to 
what is uncouth, and, for all that, not cheaper. 

We find in Sweden up to this day farm-houses with leather hangings, 
old remains of a custom which was general in that country. The Uni- 
versal Exhibition of 1873 does not take upon itself the task of propa- 
gating exotics of this kindj but it will act improving in so many other 
directions. For instance, the gloomy layer of clay mixed with soot, 
which we find in so many farm-houses, may, under all circumstances, be 
replaced by something better. Nor is the iron-clad, motley- colored 
shrine, with its forged knap-lock, to be considered as an ideal of a con- 
venient chest. And how long will the actual stock of wood allow the 
peasantry the waste of fuel to which open fire-places and gigantic stoves 
drive them? 

42 Praterstrasse, Vienna, October 1, 1871. 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 

ARCHDUKE RISGNIER. 

The Chief Manager : 

BAROK DE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 



SPECIAL PROGRAMME 

FOR THE 

EXHIBITION OF THE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS AND THEIR 

PRODUCTS. 

(Additional exhibition, No. 4.) 

The consumption of soap and paper, the quantity of letters exchanged, 
the extension of public libraries, and the use made of them, &c., are often 
taken as a measure of the actual degree of civilization of a nation. 

An extensive and refined use made of the waste materials of industry 
and house-keeping might be considered with equal right as the measure 
of the degree of industrial development and capability. It would also 
scarcely be possible to find in the trades and in economy of agriculture 
an instance which shows to the same extent the really creative force of 
science and the characteristic tendency of a nation to economize, so well 
as its endeavor to keep, like nature, all within the circle of reproduc- 
tion. 

Side by side with the increase and growth of wants we see the quantity 
of useful material augment in a twofold manner. This is accomplished 
partly by making use of substances formerly useless, because their 



17 



qualities ^ere uiilinown ; but still more by the use made of substances 
which ormerly consuleiea as used up, appeared to be of uo "flueTand 
were ofteu mcommodious and m many cases troublesome 

In order to prove only by a few actual cases the assertion last made 
that the use ot waste materials increases, aud that thus difflcultiS are 
removed, and that the wealth of the nation at the same time increases 
It IS ony necessary to take, for an example, the quantities of waste 
materials ot soda factories, which were formerly a real nuisance Xow 
adays a great part of the sulphur contained in them is extracted -lud 

m^tc3"^'f/JHl°'|[r.r'" '^''^"^ ''"' '''''"'' '^ ^'"^''"^-'l - -'-'"'e 
The acid manganese solutions of chloride-of-lime factories have become 
restored to use by means of an iugeuious chemical process "'"^"'^^ 

The scoria of metals produced by blastfurnaces is usednowadavs in 
gh,ss-making, and becomes, by a simple physical process caM teml" 
ing, a substance useful in the construction of buildings and streets 
Coal and wood tar play m our time an important part. It is sufficient 
to call to mmd the beautiful aniline colors, without speak ng of a host 
ot substances which have become useful, like benzine, panfffine ceo 
sote, carbolic acid, pyrocatechin acid, &c. ' '"''"'"*^' '''«o 

Injurious and even poison gases, which escape during the process 
ot smelting-sulphuric acid, arsenic, ziuc vapoi, &c._have n?t oulv 
been rendered mnocuoiis by contrivances to condense and absorb them 
but have been rendered very useful. ' 

^^St.J!'^^^!'^-^^ fromlaundries, for we kn^ho';?: 

Before the International Exhibition of London, in the year 1851 the 

glycerine lu the lactones of stearine acid and candle manutkctnresand 

he ammonia in coal-gas were lost altogether ; since then the ha ebo^h 

become imi)ortaut objects of manufacture. •* 

Prusshn'blnf .'.ml''fn"f '^'''' *'°™'^'' ""'^ "^'^'' f«' ^^^ Production of 
l-russian blue and inferior paper, but wh ch were, for the most mrt 

is'sm" Za^f ;7«te.heap, have now become raw m'aterials'just as^we 1 
a* silk and cotton retuse, for textile industrv, and thus render verv 

ate meai's "''""= "'"''''''' '"''''''^' ^^■*^" to persons of ve"; mode7 

fnrT^tf''f/""''' ^'^^^' produced iu molasses distilleries, and which was 
formedy thrown away, has become jnst as useful for he remolTctTou 
of potash, ^yhlch is obtained from it, and which forms the b ise of so 
many ^•al„ab e alkaline salts; blood became useful tbr the production of 
n ^niy ':^'^'''^'''^ for ^\^ "'anuiactureof floor-clothsToWlo vsS 
Z S r r','T'P;"'°" fo'' t^*' fal^Hcatiou of the soft and malleable 
I'Zj^lf'Sh^^i^^^^^S-ineces; and so on with saw-dust and lealher 

me^irSvi„?i"'' '^' amount of the useful material and the 
means ot satist^ lug our requirements by a retrospective view of thn lost 

^ZlXl^T^' , '\ '"r''' ^'"^'-^ oiJtTi-rthe holo't' I b' 

"urtin^''wasZ"''''.fivP "i? ' f'^'^'r/* «'>»«"'e'-ed as some of the most dis- 
fshin" " I^, If, J fn H ''''f' ' *^'''"''' ""'' "^"P"" ■"''•'"'J- «^e their dour- 
OTe-itP.^'f • ^^ *°/'"' ''^tensive use made of them ; and one of the 
fhevcouHinr'' of our time. Baron Liebig, has acknowledged that 

production . '^,t.'"^''"",°*/^'?,?'"'8' '° ^^^ «o" of Europe its power of 
pioauction-a power which will soon be exhausted otherwise 



18 

Considering this, is it not to be called one of the greatest absurdities 
to spend millions In getting rid of a substance which would, if we made 
proper use of it, make us, by several milliards, richer. 

Who can deny that the increasing use of wastes and the develop- 
ment thus made of new and abundant resources, and the thus facilitated 
removal of so much which annoyed us, prove beyond all doubt the 
great influence which science exercises upon life, and oblige even a 
superficial observer to remark the gradual development of intelligence 
and prosperity ? Who can deny that, when one observes the use made 
of waste material during a certain given space of time, a new picture of 
civilization unfolds itself? 

It might, therefore, in consideration of this, appear worth while mak- 
ing the trial, and worthy of the assistance of men of science, as well as 
of men of industry, to form in the frame of the Universal Exhibition of 
1873 a representation of the reclaim of articles of commerce from 
refuse. 

In order to define limits to this special exhibition, the value of which 
lies in its instructive importance, it is, firstly, necessary to give, as ex- 
actly as possible, the meaning of the word " waste." 

The manufacturer considers as wastes those remains of the used raw 
and auxiliary substances after he has obtained the principal and second- 
ary products, and which, at the time, have little or no value in compar- 
ison with that which has been produced. 

But still the whole meaning of the term " waste," and, at the same 
time, the circle of that which is to be received here, is still to be extended, 
so far as to include all that remains over after anything has been made 
use of, and which economy considers as of no further use. 

1. The objects which, according to this definition, are to be considered 
as wastes form the nucleus of this exhibition. 

2. Concerning the period of discovery which this exhibition is to ex- 
tend over, it agrees with the regulations made for other groups and other 
special exhibitions, and dates back from the year 1851. 

3. According to the system of classification of our great exhibition, 
there will be exhibited in this special exhibition — 

On the one hand, the wastes which are to be found in every industrial 
group 5 on the other hand, the products which have been obtained from 
these wastes since the year 1851, either as quite new i)roducts or only 
old ones improved or cheapened. 

4. One number of this exhibition must comprise all intermediate pro- 
ducts between the w^astes themselves and the manufactured market- 
goods. 

5. The exhibition will be formed as much as possible of the original 
objects themselves ; only when this is not possible or seems inadmissi- 
ble will graphic data replace them. 

To tlie objects of this exhibition are to be affixed price-quotations, 
statistical statements of production, the name of the man to whom the 
realization of the value or the greater profit made out of the wastes is 
due, as well as all other statements relating to the history of the pro- 
duct reclaimed from them ; finally, it is desirable that models should be 
exhibited, or that the machines exhibited in the general exhibition, by 
the use of which this increase of value has been obtained, should be 
indicated. 

Vienna, October 1, 1871. 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 

AKCHDUKE KfiGNIER. 

The General Manager : 

BAKON DE SCHWAEZ-SENBORN. 



UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 1873, IN VIENNA. 



CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISIONS. 



GROUP 1. 

MINING, QUARRYING, AND METALLURGY. 

a), Mineral fuels, (coals, shales, and mineral oilsj) 
h) Mineral ores and metals ; 

c) Other minerals, (as salt, sulphur, graphite, &c.,) not including 
building-materials, (vide Group 18 j) 

d) Natural alloys 5 

e) Drawings and models of objects relating to mining, metallurgy, 
and mineral industry: mining engineering, surveying, and map-making 5 

/) Geological works and geological maps, &c.; 

g) Tools and inventions for mining and metallurgy, for underground 
and surface work j 
h) Statistics of production. 



GROUP 2. 

AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, AND FORESTRY. 

a) Plants for food and physic, (excluding fresh fruits and vegetables, 
which are to be the subject of temporary exhibitions ;) 
h) Tobacco and other narcotic plants ; 

c) Vegetable fiber, (as cotton, flax, hemp, jute, china-grass, &c.,) and 
other plants of commerce in their raw state 5 

d) Cocoons of silkworms; 

e) Animal products in a raw state, (skins, hides, feathers, bristles, 
&c.;) 

/) Wool; 

g) Products of forestry, (timber, wood for cabinet-work, tanning sub- 
stances, resin in a raw state, dyeing- woods, barks, charcoal-tinder ;) 

h) Peat and its products ; 

i) Manures; 

Tc) Drawings and models of objects used in agriculture, horticulture, 
and forestry ; farm maps ; 

I) Works of the experimental stations, woodland and forest doom- 
books, statistics of forests, &c.; 

m) Processes and inventions for producing, transporting, and storing 
the above-mentioned products ; 

7i) Plans of gardens, drawings and models of horticultural imple- 
ments, hot-houses, conservatories, irrigation, &c.; 



20 

o) New metliods of horticultural cultivation ; 
^) Statistics of production. 

(Yide "Temporary Exhibitions/' ISTo. 4.) 



GEOUP 3. 

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. 

a) Chemical products for technical and pharmaceutical purposes, (acids, 
salts, chemical preparations of all sorts;) 
h) Eaw substances and products of pharmacy, mineral waters, &c. ; 

c) Fats and their products, (stearine, oil-acids, glycerine, soaps, can- 
dles and tapers, &c. ;) 

d) Products of dry distillation, (as refined petroleum, slate-oil, paraf- 
flne, phenylic acid, benzine, aniline, &c. j 

e) Ethereal oils and perfumeries j 
/) Matches, &c. ; 

g) Dye-stuffs, mineral and organic ; 

Ji) Eesins, (washed, dyed, or bleached,) sealing-wax, varnish, albumen, 
isinglass, glue, starches, dextrin, &c. ; 
i) Contrivances and processes used in chemical productions ; 
7c) Statistics of production. 



GEOUP 4. 

SUBSTANCES OF FOOD AS PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY. 

a) Flour and other farinaceous products, malt and its products ; 
1)) Sugar and its products ; 

c) Spirits and spirituous liquors, &c. j 

d) Wines ; 

e) Ale, beer, porter, &c. j 
/) Vinegars; 

g) Preserves and extracts, (extracts of meat, portable soup, condensed 
milk, Erbswurst, preserved vegetables, preserved meat, &c. ;) 
h) Tobacco, and similar manufactures ; 

i) Confectionery, ginger-bread, chocolate, coffee substitutes, &c. ; 
7c) Processes and inventions for i^reparing all these articles ; 
I) Statistics of production. 



GEOUP 5. 

TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND CLOTHINa. 

a) Washed wool and hair used for textile fabrics, carded wool and 
worsted, combed wool and woolen fabrics, felt, carpets, blankets, hair- 
tissues, mixed fabrics, including shawls ; 

b) Cotton, cotton substitutes,"cotton-thrcad, cotton fabrics, and cords; 

c) Flax, hemp, jute, and other fibers; yarns, threads, and fabrics of 
the same ; straw fabrics for bonnets, screens, and mats; webs and cords 
of reed, cane, bast, hair, wire, &c. ; 

d) Eaw silk, spun silk, and manufactures of silk, silk wastes ; 



21 

e) Small-ware manufactures, gold and silver cloths and embroideries ; 

/) Lace J 

g) Hosiery, milled and unmilled j 

h) Finished objects of clothing, (clothes, gowns, hats, bonnets, shoes 
and boots, gloves, and linen, &c.) 

i) Upholster}^, carpeting, curtains, bed-furniture, &c. j 

It) Artificial flowers and feather ornaments; 

I) Processes and inventions used in the production of these manufac- 
tures ', 

m) Statistics of production. 



GEOUP 6. 

LEATHER AND INDIA-RUBBEK INDUSTRY. 

a) Leather ; articles of leather, harness, saddles, trunks, and other 
leather-goods, excluding clothing and fancy goods; parchment and 
gold-beaters' skin ; 

h) Skins and furs ; 

c) India-rubber and gutta-percha articles, excluding philosophical 
and mechanical instruments and parts of machinery; water-proof stuffs 
and cloths : 

d) Processes and inventions used in the production of these manufac- 
tures ; 

e) Statistics of production. 



GEOUP 7. 

iVIETAL INDUSTRY. 

a) Goldsmiths' and silversmiths' work, and jewelry, &c.; 

h) Iron and steel wares, excluding machinery, building-materials, 
philosophical and musical instruments ; 

c) IManufactures from other metals and alloys ; 

cl) Weapons of every description, except military arms ; 

c) Processes and inventions used in the production of these manu- 
factures ; 

/) Statistics of production. 



GEOUP 8. 

WOOD INDUSTRY. 

a) Cabinet-work, (inlaid floors, windows, doors, &;c.j) 
h) Joiners' work ; 

c) Cleft wood-work, (casks, shingles, sieves, &c. ; 

d) Small staves, and their i)roducts, matches, &c.;) 

e) Veneers and marqueteries; 
/) Cut and turned wood ; 

g) Chisel- work and carved wood ; 



22 

h) Cork manufactures ; 
i) Basket-work 5 

Jc) Wood-work, painted, stained, and gilt ; 

I) Processes and inventions used in the production of these manu- 
factures ; 
m) Statistics of manufactures. 



GEOUP 9. 

AND GLASS INDUSTRY. 

a) Stones, natural and artificial j slate and cement-works, (natural and 
imitated stones and marbles, paving-stones and floor-tiles, ornaments 
and decorations, pipes, grin ding-stones, &c. -,) 

h) Earthen-ware, (pipes, cooking-vessels, stoves, plastic reproduc- 
tions, terracottas, &c. j) 

c) Glass manufactures, (glass for household use and fancy purposes, 
imitation gems and pearls unset, &c. ;) 

d) Processes and manufactures used in the production of the above 
articles -, 

e) Statistics of production. 



GEOUP 10. 

SMALL-WARE AND FANCY GOODS. 

a) Manufactures of ivory, meerschaum, tortoise-shell, mother-of-pearl, 
whalebone, wax wares, japanned goods j 
h) Fancy goods of leather, bronze, &c. ; 

c) Umbrellas, parasols, fans, canes, whips, &c. ; 

d) Combs and brushes ; 

e) Toj^s; 

/) Processes and inventions used in the production of manufactures j 
g) Statistics of production. 



GEOUP 11. 

PAPER INDUSTRY AND STATIONERY. 

a) Paper-pulp, paper, and paste-board ; 

h) Colored papers, paper-hangings, tapestry, playing-cards, &c. ; 

c) Papier-mache goods, card and mill board j 

d) Articles for writing, drawing, and iminting; 

e) Bookbinding and siraihir work ; 

/) Processes and manufactures used in the production of the above 
manufactures 5 
g) Statistics of production. 



23 

GROUP 12. 

GRAPHIC ARTS AND INDUSTRIAL DRAWING. 

a) Book-printiDgj 

b) Xylography J 

c) Copper-plate aud steel printing ; 

d) Litbograpliy and cliromo-litbograj)hy ; 

e) Pbotograpby; 

/) Engraving and guillocbe-work : 

g) Pattern-drawing and drawing for decorations ; 

h) Tools and apparatus ; 

i) Statistics of production. 



GROUP 13. 

MACHINERY AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT. 

a) Prime-moverSj (steam-generators, steam-engines, water- wheels, tur- 
bines, pressure-engines, air, wind, and electro-magnetic engines, gas- 
machines;) 

h) Machines for transmitting power, (shafts, w^heels, pulleys, cord- 
bands, &c. ;) 

c) Machinery for working special kinds of material, (machines for 
mining, metallurgy, metal-work, and wood- work; machines for spinning, 
weaving, knitting, sewing, and embroidering; machines for fulling, clean- 
ing, shearing, dyeing; machines for bleaching, leather-dressing, «S:c. ; 
machines for paper-manufactures aud book-binding; for type-founding, 
l-)rinting, lithography, copper-plate printing, color-printing, &c. ; ma- 
chines and apparatus for sugar-making, oil-manufacture, breweries, dis- 
tilleries, stearine, soap, caudles, starch, ice-making, match-making, corn- 
mills and agricultural machinery and apparatus ;) 

cl) Other machinery not belonging to the above-mentioned, (blast- 
engines, fire-engines, x)umps, veutihitors, &c. ;) 

e) Elements and parts of machinery ; 

/) Railway machinery, (locomotives, tenders, railway velocipedes, and 
I)arts of them, railway carriages and parts composing them, special 
machinery and apparatus for railway workshops and railway contri- 
vances for making and maintaining railw^ay plant, snow-plows, &c. ; 

g) Steam-gauges, dynamometers, tradiometers, &c. ; 

h) All sorts of vehicles not connected with rail ; 

i) Statistics of production. 



GROUP 14. 



a) Mathematical, astronomical, physical, and chemical instruments, 
(instruments for measuring, weighing, and dividing ; for optical and 
electric telegraphy;) 

b) Surgical instruments and apparatus, (artificial limbs, teeth, «S:c. ;) 



24 

c) Horological instruments, clocks, watches, and their iDarts, (chrono- 
scopes, chrouographp, electric clocks;) 

d) Statistics of production. 



GEOUP 15. 

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

a) Musical instruments ; 

h) Parts of them, (strings, bows, molding-boards, membranes, keys, 
pipes, «S:c.;) 

c) Sound carrying apparatus, (speaking-pipes, sign al-whi sties, &c.;) 

d) Bells, chime of bells ; 

e) Statistics of production. 

(Vide '' Additional Exhibition," 'No. 3.) 



GEOUP 16. 

THE ART OF WAR. 

a) Organization and recruiting of armies ; 

b) Equipment of troops, accouterments, and armor j 

c) Artillery; 

d) Military engineering ; 

e) Sanitary contrivances ; 

/) Military education, training, and instruction; 
g) Cartography and historiography. 



GEOUP 17. 

THE NAVY. 

a) Materials for naval architecture ; 
* h) Models and drawings of boats and ships for inland, lake, and river 
navigation; sea-goiug ships, coasting-vessels, merchant-ships, and ships 
of war, stores and fittings for equipment, outfit, and armament of ships; 

c) Tools and apparatus used in ship-building; 

d) Clothing, outfit, and accommodations for crews ; 

e) Land and water works for navigation, (models and drawings of 
docks, harbors, sluices, flloating-docks, floating batteries, and coast de- 
fenses;) 

/} Hydrography, charts, meteorological instruments; education of 
seamen and officers. 



GEOUP 18. 



a) Building-materials ; processes and apparatus for quarrying, brick- 



25 

making/ iron-girder work ; preparation and preservation of wood ; arti- 
ficial stone, terra-cotta work, &c. ;) 

b) Materials and appliances for foundations, (pile-drivers, screw-piles, 
cofter-dams, caissons, pneumatic and diving apparatus ;) 

c) Contrivances and tools for earthworks, (excavators, dredgiug- 
macliines, apparatus for raising, carrying, and transporting earth and 
materials;) 

(1) Materials and apparatus used for roads and railways, (road-rollers, 
railway superstructure, switches, crossings, turn-tables, traversing- 
tables, inclined planes, lifts; pneumatic and other modes of propelling ; 
water-stations and their apparatus, railway-station buildings of all 
kinds, and systems of railway-signals;) 

e) Hydraulic engineering-works, excluding sea-works, (river-works, 
canal- works, dikes, locks, dams, &c. ;) 

/) Models and plans of viaducts, bridges, and aqueducts, &c. ; 

g) Plans, models, and drawings of public buildings, dwelling-houses, 
barracks, penitentiaries, prisons and hospitals, schools and theaters, 
laborers' cottages; apparatus for lifting and moving heavy weights in 
buildings, as lifts, &c.; plans and models of cheap dwelling-houses; 
tools and implements of artisan builders ; 

h) Apparatus and inventions for health, comfort, and convenience in 
buildings, (for lighting, water-supply, drainage, water-closets, lightning- 
conductors, &c. ;) 

i) Agricultural engineering, i)lans for culture, fencing, draining; 
fiirm-buildiugs ; buildings for cattle-breeding; stores, stables, manure- 
tanks, &c. ; 

I') Industrial buildings; spinning-mills, weaving-mills, grinding-mills; 
distilleries, breweries, sugar-manufactories ; warehouses, saw-mills, and 
dock, &c. 



GROUP 19. 

THE PEIVATE DWELLING-HOUSE : ITS INNER AIMIANGEIMENT AND 

DECORATION. 

a) Models, drawings, and finished buildings, representing dwelling- 
houses of civilized nations; 

h) Drawings, models, and exami)les of thoroughly furnished apart- 
ments. 



GROUP 20. 

THE FARMHOUSE: ITS ARRANGE3IENTS, FURNITURE, AND UTENSILS. 

a) Finished buildings, models, and drawings of farm-houses of the 
difierent nations of the world ; 

h) Drawings, models, and examples of peasant-rooms, furnished and 
fitted out with their furniture and apparatus. 



26 

GEOUP 21. 

NATIONAL DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 

a) Pottery and porcelain 5 

1)) Fabrics, tapestry, embroidery, lace, and other needle- work 5 

c) Metal articles and ornaments ; 

d) Carved work and utensils. 



GEOUP 22. 

EXHIBITION SHOWING THE ORGANIZATION INFLUENCE OF MUSEUMS 
OF FINE ARTS APPLIED TO INDUSTRY. 

a) The various methods and means by which the different modern 
museums (viz : the South Kensington Museum, in London, and the sim- 
ilar museums in Vienna, Berlin, Moscow, &c.) endeavor to carry out the 
improvement of the general taste of the people, and the manner in which 
they promote the art, industry, and public instruction of their coun- 
tries ; 

1)) Exhibition of the objects which have been produced and propagated 
by those modern museums. 



GEOUP 23. 

ART APPLIED TO RELIGION. 

a) Decoration of churches, (wall-decoration, stained-glass, glass-paint- 
ing, &c. ;) 

h) Church furniture, (altars, organs, i)uli)its, i^ews, shrines for inclos- 
ing sacred vessels, &c. 5) 

c) Ornaments for altars, pulpits, crucifixes, chalices, labarums, candle- 
sticks, altar hangings and carpets, pulpit-hangings, &c. 5 

d) Objects used in baptisms and funerals, &c. 



GEOUP 24. 



OWNERS OF COLLECTIONS, (EXPOSITION DES AINIATEURS.) 

a) Paintings of ancient masters ; 

h) Objets d'art. Bronzes, enamels, miniatures, majolicas, porcelain, 
faience, &c. 



GEOUP 25. 

FINE ARTS OF THE PRESENT TIME — WORKS PRODUCED SINCE THE 
SECOND LONDON EXHIBITION OF 1862. 

a) Architecture, including models, designs, sketches, and surveys of 
architectural works of the present times ; 



27 

h) Sculpture, including figures and groups of small sizes ; engravings, 
medals, &c. 

c) Paintings, including miniatures and enamels ; 

d) Graphic arts, including copper and steel engravings, etching, wood- 
cuts, &c. 



GEOUP 2G. 

EDUCATION, TEACHINa, AND INSTRUCTION. 

a) Education ; exhibition of all the arrangements and contrivances 
for the better nursing, training, and rearing of children ; their physical 
and mental development from the first days of their life up to school- 
time j their nourishment, cradles, nurseries, &c. ; child-gardens, (Kinder' 
garten^) child games and amusements, child-gymnastics. 

h) Teaching; exhibition of school-houses and school-apparatus in 
models, drawings, and examples j exhibition of means of instruction ; 
the works and journals of instruction ; description and illustrations of 
methods of instruction; history and statistics of a school, its organiza- 
tion and laws; 

a) Elementary schools; this department will include apparatus for the 
instruction of the blind, deaf, dumb, and idiots ; 

/?) Middle-schools, comi^rehending gymnasiums, "Eealschulen," or 
schools wherein exact science and modern languages are taught ; 

d) Professional and technical colleges ; 

y) Universities ; 

c) Instruction in the more limited sense ; instruction of adults through 
literature, the public press, public libraries and educational societies, 
and associations for instruction. 

All machinery is contained in group 13, but, nevertheless, the ma- 
chines for working special kinds of material will be examined by the 
jury of the professional group to which they may belong, with the as- 
sistance also of competent machine-builders. It is left to the free will of 
the exhibitor to choose the group in which he wishes his object to be 
placed, should it be susceptible of being i)laced in more than one 
group. 

ADDITIONAL EXHIBITIONS. 

1. The history of inventions ; 

2. The history of industry ; 

3. Exhibition of musical instruments of Cremona ; 

4. Exhibition of the use of waste materials, and their products ; 

5. The history of prices ; 

6. The representation of the commerce and trade of the world. 

TE]MPORARY EXHIBITIONS. 

1. Live animals, (horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, fowls, game, 
fish, &c.;) 

2. Butcher's meat, venison, poultry, lard, &c. ; 

3. Dairy i^roduce ; 

4. Garden produce, (fresh fruit, fresh vegetables, flowers, plants, &:c. ;) 

5. Living plants injurious to agriculture and forestry. 



28 

For these exhibitions special instructions will be afterward pub- 
lished. 
Vienna, the 16th of September, J 871. 
The President of the Imperial Commission : 

ARCHDUKE R^lGNIER. 
The General Manager : 

BAEON DE SCHWAEZ-SEXBORN. 



AWARD OF PRIZES 



An international jury will be appointed to award the prizes. Each 
exhibitor must declare whether he wishes to submit to the judgment of 
the jury or not. 

In the latter case, the object exhibited will be ticketed '' Hors Con- 
cours," (no competitor.) 

The awards granted by the jury will be as follows : 

For the fine arts, the prize will be given in the form of a medal for 
■fine arts. 

For the other objects exhibited, the prizes will be as follows: 

Exhibitors in former uuiversal exhibitions will receive, for the progress 
they have made since the last exhibitions, a medal for progress. 

Exhibitors for the first time taking part in a universal exhibition will 
receive, as reward for the merit they have shown in a national, econom- 
ical, or technical j)oint of view, the medal for merit. 

Exhibitors whose productions fulfill all the conditions of refined taste 
in color or in form will have the medal for taste. 

There will also be given diplomas of merit, similar to the honorable 
mentions of former universal exhibitions. 

The assistants and workmen, who, according to the statements made 
by the exhibitors, have taken a notable part in the production of a 
rewarded object, shall have the medal for co-operation. 

The merits of individuals or corporations who have promoted the 
education of the people, the development of industry or the national 
economy, or have specially promoted the intellectual, moral, and material 
welfare of the working classes, shall be rewarded by special diplomas of 
honor. 

All medals will be stamped in bronze. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



019 929 349 7 



7)/ 7 ^32 



LIBRftRV OF CONGRESS 



019 929 349 7 



